Jeff, if we project forward to a time when base layer transactions fees increase so much, as to be unaffordable by the average user, do you envisage newcomers being able to onboard directly onto Lightning, but still avail of the self custody aspect, that gave Bitcoin so much of it's appeal, in the first place? Splicing, batching & channel factories are all going to help, but ultimately, if the LSP has to pass the cost of channel management on to the customer, operating on L2 with self custody isn't all that different from operating on the base chain. You've got to open/splice/close channels, have capacity in the tank to deal with channel counterparties who try to cheat, handle force channel closures, etc. To the extent that we want to reply with 'Lightning', when the question of 'how will Bitcoin scale' is asked, at some point, are we acknowledging that for many, this solution is going to be a custodial one?

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Good question and probably more nuanced than I have time to answer now but - I think many of the fees on layer 1 for inscriptions etc will move to layer 2 since there is no economic reason to introduce an oracle into layer 1. Most of these (and the fees from them) are only get rich quick schemes base on short term incentives. That will play out while layer 2 and 3 mature and then move to where it makes economic sense and fees from them will fall. Keep in mind - I’m talking about a long term process and not the fear and greed combined with recency bias that will have everyone forecasting the future by projecting the present. As for changing bitcoin core to artificially create more fees here for miners that aren’t profitable in a free market - it is ludicrous. I believe the combination of the above + what is coming on Lighting + what is coming on Fedimint (which removes/reduces the load on Lightning) allows the scaling of Bitcoin to billions. That is without breakthroughs created from these innovations and constraints. Hope that helps!