My doubt as well, I have this definition in mind but I am not sure this is correct: "Using silent payments is like giving a sort of xpub to the sender so that it can generate a different address each time, but with the advantage that the sender only knows the address he or she generates and not every possible address"?

An attacked can perform a dust attack and look for consolidation, yes. No addressing scheme can prevent that, has to be done client-side with dust filters, good coin control, and additional privacy tools like Coinjoin.