ChatGpt gives this summary
➡️ Without internet
SMS relays (TxTenna, mesh networks)
Radio broadcasts (ham radio, Locha Mesh)
Sneakernet (USB stick, QR code printouts)
➡️ Without computer
Hardware wallet + microSD / QR code
Possibly hand-written transactions (practically infeasible)
Login to reply
Replies (1)
With all of these, at least one party must have access to the internet.
Physical cash on the other hand works while both sender and receiver are 100% offline.