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Kazani
kazani@primal.net
npub1vm68...srrc
Beloved Bitcoin. Promo code: KAZANI ➡️ https://foundation.xyz/passport-prime
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Kazani 6 months ago
An important study on the effects of smartphones on our cognitive ability. Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity "The proliferation of smartphones represents a profound shift in the relationship between consumers and technology. Across human history, the vast majority of innovations have occupied a defined space in consumers’ lives; they have been constrained by the functions they perform and the locations they inhabit. Smartphones transcend these limitations. They are consumers’ constant companions, offering unprecedented connection to information, entertainment, and each other. They play an integral role in the lives of billions of consumers worldwide and, as a result, have vast potential to influence consumer welfare—both for better and for worse. The present research identifies a potentially costly side effect of the integration of smartphones into daily life: smartphone-induced “brain drain.” We provide evidence that the mere presence of consumers’ smartphones can adversely affect two measures of cognitive capacity—available working memory capacity and functional fluid intelligence—without interrupting sustained attention or increasing the frequency of phone-related thoughts. Consumers who were engaged with ongoing cognitive tasks were able to keep their phones not just out of their hands, but also out of their (conscious) minds; however, the mere presence of these devices left fewer attentional resources available for engaging with the task at hand. Further, we find that the effects of smartphone salience on available cognitive capacity are moderated by individual differences in the personal relevance of these devices (operationalized in terms of smartphone dependence); those who depend most on their devices suffer the most from their salience, and benefit the most from their absence. The role of dependence in determining mere presence effects suggests that similar cognitive costs would not be incurred by the presence of just any product, device, or even phone. We submit that few, if any, stimuli are both so personally relevant and so perpetually present as consumers’ own smartphones. However, we leave open the door for our insights to apply more broadly to future connective technologies that may become equally central to consumers’ lives as technology continues to advance." https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/691462
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Kazani 6 months ago
Satoshi himself can't use Bitcoin. Satoshi owns ~1M #BTC, but he can't use them. Why? Because every #Bitcoin transaction is public. The moment Satoshi moves a coin, the whole world knows. That's the paradox of Bitcoin: scarcity without privacy.
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Kazani 6 months ago
All drugs containing acetaminophen: OTC 1. Tylenol: The most well-known brand for acetaminophen. 2. Excedrin: Often used for headaches, it combines acetaminophen with aspirin and caffeine. 3. NyQuil: A cold and flu medication that includes acetaminophen for pain relief. 4. DayQuil: Similar to NyQuil but formulated for daytime use. 5. Advil Dual Action: Combines ibuprofen and acetaminophen for enhanced pain relief. 6. Alka-Seltzer Plus: Some formulations include acetaminophen for cold and flu relief. 7. Midol: Often used for menstrual pain, some versions contain acetaminophen. 8. Aspirin-Free Excedrin: Contains acetaminophen, caffeine, and other ingredients for headache relief. 9. Bayer Back & Body: Combines acetaminophen with aspirin for back pain relief. 10. Aleve-D: Some formulations may include acetaminophen for added pain relief. 11. Tylenol Extra Strength: A higher dose formulation of acetaminophen for more severe pain. 12. Advil PM: Some formulations may include acetaminophen along with diphenhydramine. Cold and Allergy Medications 1. Zyrtec-D: Some formulations may include acetaminophen for allergy relief. 2. Sudafed PE: Certain combinations may contain acetaminophen for cold symptoms. 3. Robitussin Cough + Chest Congestion DM: Some versions include acetaminophen for pain relief. 4. Vicks DayQuil: A daytime cold and flu relief option that contains acetaminophen. 5. Benadryl Allergy Plus Congestion: Certain formulations may contain acetaminophen for added relief. 6. Claritin-D: Some versions may include acetaminophen for allergy relief. RX 1. Percocet: A combination of oxycodone and acetaminophen used for pain relief. 2. Tylenol with Codeine: Combines acetaminophen with codeine for more severe pain. 3. Fioricet: Contains acetaminophen, butalbital, and caffeine, often prescribed for migraines. 4. Vicodin: A combination of hydrocodone and acetaminophen, used for moderate to severe pain. 5. Lortab: Another combination of hydrocodone and acetaminophen. 6. Norco: Similar to Vicodin, it combines hydrocodone with acetaminophen. 7. Roxicet: A combination of oxycodone and acetaminophen, used for pain management. 8. Cocet: Combines acetaminophen with oxycodone for pain relief. 9. Fentanyl Combination Products: Some formulations may combine fentanyl with acetaminophen for pain management. 10. Lorcet: A combination of hydrocodone and acetaminophen. 11. Percodan: Combines oxycodone with acetaminophen for pain management. 12. Tylenol with Tramadol: A combination of acetaminophen and tramadol for moderate to severe pain. Combination Products 1. Cold and Flu Formulations: Many products for cold and flu symptoms contain acetaminophen, such as Theraflu and Robitussin. 2. Pain Relievers: Some multi-symptom pain relievers may include acetaminophen along with other active ingredients. 3. Robitussin Multi-Symptom: Contains acetaminophen along with other ingredients for cough and cold relief. 4. Theraflu: Various formulations include acetaminophen for symptom relief. 5. Excedrin Tension Headache: Specifically formulated for tension headaches, containing acetaminophen. 6. Mucinex: Some formulations include acetaminophen for cold and flu symptom relief. 7. Coricidin HBP: Certain versions contain acetaminophen for cold symptoms, designed for those with high blood pressure. 8. Sominex: Some formulations may include acetaminophen for sleep aid with pain relief. Pediatric 1. Children's Tylenol: Liquid formulations specifically designed for children. 2. Infants' Tylenol: Liquid acetaminophen specifically designed for infants. 3. Children's Motrin: Some formulations may include acetaminophen alongside ibuprofen. 4. Children's Advil: Some formulations may include acetaminophen alongside ibuprofen. 5. Pediatric Fever Reducers: Various brands offer liquid acetaminophen specifically for children.
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Kazani 6 months ago
How to Track the People Tracking YOU Discover “Chasing Your Tail,” an open-source surveillance detection tool you can build with a Raspberry Pi. In this exclusive Black Hat interview, creator Matt explains how it tracks Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and even tire sensors to spot if you’re being followed, then flips the script to map where your followers spend time. Learn the origins of this tool, from avoiding surprise visits to protecting informants and aiding search & rescue. We cover the tech stack (Kismet, Python, GPS integration), real-world success stories, and how you can set it up yourself for under $100. Perfect for security pros, privacy advocates, and tech enthusiasts. Chasing Your Tail (CYT) A comprehensive WiFi probe request analyzer that monitors and tracks wireless devices by analyzing their probe requests. The system integrates with Kismet for packet capture and WiGLE API for SSID geolocation analysis, featuring advanced surveillance detection capabilities. Features:     Real-time Wi-Fi monitoring with Kismet integration     Advanced surveillance detection with persistence scoring     Automatic GPS integration - extracts coordinates from Bluetooth GPS via Kismet     GPS correlation and location clustering (100m threshold)     Spectacular KML visualization for Google Earth with professional styling and interactive content     Multi-format reporting - Markdown, HTML (with pandoc), and KML outputs     Time-window tracking (5, 10, 15, 20 minute windows)     WiGLE API integration for SSID geolocation     Multi-location tracking algorithms for detecting following behavior     Enhanced GUI interface with surveillance analysis button     Organized file structure with dedicated output directories     Comprehensive logging and analysis tools Requirements:     Python 3.6+     Kismet wireless packet capture     Wi-Fi adapter supporting monitor mode     Linux-based system     WiGLE API key (optional)
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Kazani 7 months ago
Lifting the veil - how to test browsers for spyware Privacy is a key factor when choosing a web browser, but users often rely on assumptions or marketing claims. Mitmproxy offers a way to test a browser's privacy by monitoring its connections. This tool acts as a local proxy server, allowing users to see all the connections a browser makes, including those made without user input. Mitmproxy can decrypt SSL traffic by adding a root certificate to the browser, enabling users to inspect all requests and responses. This process involves setting up mitmproxy, configuring the browser to use the proxy, and adding the certificate. Users can then observe the browser's behavior, including unsolicited requests, to assess its privacy practices. Mitmproxy is particularly useful for identifying spyware in browsers, as it provides a clear view of all outgoing and incoming data. While it has limitations, such as not capturing initial requests made before the proxy is set up, it remains a powerful tool for privacy-conscious users. For a comprehensive spyware investigation, mitmproxy is recommended over Wireshark due to its simplicity and ability to isolate application traffic. https://sizeof.cat/post/web-browser-telemetry-2025-edition/
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Kazani 7 months ago
Free, open-source Captcha alternative ALTCHA uses a proof-of-work mechanism to protect your website, APIs, and online services from spam and unwanted content. Unlike other solutions, ALTCHA is free, open-source and self-hosted, does not use cookies nor fingerprinting, does not track users, and is compliant with data-privacy regulations and accessible.
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Kazani 7 months ago
By the time most Indian investors realize the value of #BTC, #Bitcoin will be 1mn USD. There is comfort in the crowd. But, money is never made by following sheep mentality. Not saying you should put you entire net worth into $BTC. But, maybe the naysayers should at least be open to studying the asset.
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Kazani 7 months ago
🧫 PARASITE CLEANSE PROTOCOL (30–90 Days) A full-body strategy to eliminate parasites, break biofilms, support detox pathways, and heal the gut for long-term health. You will find a simplified version of this protocol in the comments. There is also a heavy metal detox guide on this page which is recommended to do first. ✅ Step 1: PREP PHASE (7–10 Days) 🎯 Goal: Prepare your body by opening detox and drainage pathways — like the liver, lymphatic system, and bowels. Why it matters: If you jump straight into killing parasites, your body may struggle to eliminate the toxins they release. This leads to "die-off" symptoms (see below). *Think of this like unclogging a sink before pouring anything else down the drain. 🔓 Open Detox Pathways: - Castor Oil Packs (3–4x/week) Apply a warm castor oil-soaked cloth over your liver (upper right abdomen). Cover with plastic wrap and a heating pad for 30–60 minutes. This gently stimulates liver drainage, bile flow, and lymph movement. Great for constipation and hormonal balance, too. - Magnesium Citrate or Oxy-Magnesium (like Oxy-Powder) Helps you poop daily — non-negotiable during detox. If you’re constipated, waste and toxins get reabsorbed. Start low (200–300 mg) and increase to achieve 1–2 daily bowel movements. - Liver-Supportive Herbs Milk Thistle: Regenerates liver cells. Dandelion Root: Stimulates bile flow. Burdock: Gentle blood cleanser. You can also use a liver detox tincture (like Gaia Liver Cleanse or Herb Pharm Liver). - Lymphatic Movement Dry brushing: Use a soft brush on dry skin before showering — always brush toward the heart. Rebounding: Jumping on a mini trampoline moves lymph. Infrared sauna or red light therapy: Help sweat out toxins and boost circulation. 💧 Daily Add-ons: - Apple Cider Vinegar (1–2 tsp in warm water before meals) Stimulates stomach acid and digestive enzymes. Aids in breaking down food and creating a hostile environment for parasites. - Herbal teas (1–2 cups/day): Dandelion root: Liver detox Nettle: Nourishing + mineralizing Lemon-ginger: Gut soothing and cleansing - Water: 2–3 liters/day of clean, filtered water Add electrolytes or trace minerals to support cellular detox. ⚔️ Step 2: ACTIVE PARASITE CLEANSE (30–60 Days) 🎯 Goal: Kill parasites, break down their protective biofilms, flush out eggs, and mop up released toxins. ⚠️ Warning: Don’t start killing before Step 1! You must prepare the body or risk overwhelming detox reactions. 🧪 Choose 2–4 Core Anti-Parasitics Rotate them every 2–3 weeks to prevent adaptation. Many parasites develop resistance when exposed to the same herb for too long. 🌿 Common anti-parasitics: - Mimosa Pudica Seed A sticky, fibrous seed that grabs parasites and biofilms in your intestines like a sponge. Take 2 capsules on an empty stomach in the morning. Expect to see stringy, rope-like material in your stool (often biofilms + worms). - Black Walnut Hull Powerful against adult parasites, fungi, and bacteria. Use tincture or capsule. - Wormwood (Artemisia) Excellent for roundworms and threadworms. Often used in combination formulas (e.g., with black walnut and clove). - Clove Kills parasite eggs — crucial so the life cycle doesn’t restart. Use daily during cleanse. - Neem Multipurpose: antifungal, anti-worm, antibacterial. - Berberine, Olive Leaf, or Oregano Oil Target bacterial imbalances, yeast, and parasites. Berberine also supports gut repair and blood sugar regulation. - Diatomaceous Earth (Food Grade Only!) Fine silica powder that physically shreds parasites in the gut. Take 1 tsp in water on an empty stomach. Avoid inhaling powder — use caution. 🔓 Biofilm Disruptors Parasites hide in protective “slime layers” (biofilms) in the gut and organs. Break these open to expose them. - NAC (N-Acetylcysteine): 600–1200 mg/day Powerful antioxidant + biofilm disruptor. Supports liver by increasing glutathione. - Enzymes Use proteolytic enzyme blends that digest proteins: InterFase Plus, Biofilm Defense, SerraFlora, Lumbrokinase Best taken away from food, 1–2x/day - Optional: EDTA Chelator that pulls metals (often embedded in biofilms). Advanced; best with practitioner guidance. 🧲 Don’t Skip the BINDERS When parasites die, they release ammonia, mold, heavy metals, and endotoxins. Binders catch them so your body can safely eliminate them through stool. Activated Charcoal, Bentonite Clay, or Chlorella Take 1–2x daily, away from food/supplements/meds by at least 1–2 hours. Charcoal = general toxin binder Clay = binds positively charged toxins Chlorella = heavy metals + mold Gentler options: Pectin, fulvic/humic acids, ZeoBind (zeolite) 🧬 Step 3: GUT REPAIR & IMMUNE REBALANCE (30+ Days) 🎯 Goal: Once the parasites are gone, rebuild your gut lining and microbiome. Otherwise, new ones can take hold again. 🛠 Heal the Gut Lining: - L-Glutamine: 5–10g/day — strengthens intestinal walls - Aloe Vera Juice: Soothes inflammation, supports healing - Collagen or Bone Broth: Rich in amino acids like glycine - Soothing Herbs: Slippery elm, marshmallow root, DGL licorice - Zinc carnosine, quercetin – reduce gut inflammation 🌱 Rebuild Microbiome: - Spore-based probiotics (e.g. Just Thrive, MegaSporeBiotic) More stable than regular probiotics; survive stomach acid. - Saccharomyces boulardii Probiotic yeast that helps crowd out bad bugs. - Prebiotic fibers (start slow): PHGG, acacia fiber, green banana flour — feed the good bugs. 🔁 CYCLIC DOSING: 4 DAYS ON / 3 DAYS OFF Why it works: Parasites have life cycles. Pulsing disrupts those cycles and allows your organs to catch up on detox. 4 Days ON: Take your antiparasitics, enzymes, and biofilm disruptors 3 Days OFF: Take only binders and drainage support — give your system a break Repeat for 4–6 weeks minimum (up to 90 days for chronic cases) 🌕 FULL MOON INTENSIFICATION Why? Parasites become more active during the full moon — possibly due to lower melatonin and higher serotonin. From 3 days before to 3 days after full moon: - Increase antiparasitics by 25–50% - Increase binders, water, and electrolytes You may notice more symptoms — this is when many people pass the most. ⚠️ DIE-OFF SYMPTOMS (Herxheimer Reactions) Common reactions as parasites and pathogens die off: - Headaches, fatigue, joint pain - Skin rashes, brain fog - Nausea, mood swings, worsened old symptoms How to reduce it: - Drink more water + add minerals (sea salt, trace minerals) - Take binders religiously - Use detox tools: Epsom salt baths (draw out toxins via skin) Infrared sauna Dry brushing or rebounding Coffee enemas (for advanced users: clears bile + toxins from liver/gut) If you feel awful, lower dosage or take a break. The goal is sustainable, steady progress — not suffering. 🧪 OPTIONAL TESTING To confirm parasites or monitor healing: - GI-MAP or GI Effects: Advanced stool testing - OAT (Organic Acids Test): Shows fungal + bacterial metabolites - Stool microscopy + PCR (Doctor’s Data, Genova) - Blood tests: Eosinophils or Total IgE may rise during parasitic infections 🧠 LIFESTYLE ADD-ONS Create an inner terrain where parasites can’t thrive: - Eliminate their food supply: Sugar, gluten, processed carbs, seed oils, dairy - Eat anti-parasitic foods daily: Raw garlic, pumpkin seeds, papaya seeds, raw carrots, beets, cilantro - Get sunlight and sleep (7–9 hours) - Reduce chronic stress – stress suppresses immune defense 📦 RECOMMENDED CLEANSE KITS Save time and confusion with these well-designed, practitioner kits: CellCore Para Kit – Strong for chronic illness, mold, Lyme Microbe Formulas Protocol – Multi-phase system with drainage + gut repair Dr. Clark Store Cleanse – Simple and affordable Mimosa Pudica + Para 1/2/3 – For deeper parasite and toxin cleansing
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Kazani 7 months ago
ChatterUI - A simple app for LLMs ChatterUI is a native mobile frontend for LLMs. Run LLMs on device or connect to various commercial or open source APIs. ChatterUI aims to provide a mobile-friendly interface with fine-grained control over chat structuring. Features: Run LLMs on-device in Local Mode Connect to various APIs in Remote Mode Chat with characters. (Supports the Character Card v2 specification.) Create and manage multiple chats per character. Customize Sampler fields and Instruct formatting Integrates with your device’s text-to-speech (TTS) engine Usage: Download and install latest APK from the releases page. iOS is Currently unavailable due to lacking iOS hardware for development Local Mode: ChatterUI uses a llama.cpp under the hood to run gguf files on device. A custom adapter is used to integrate with react-native: cui-llama.rn To use on-device inferencing, first enable Local Mode, then go to Models > Import Model / Use External Model and choose a gguf model that can fit on your device's memory. The importing functions are as follows: Import Model: Copies the model file into ChatterUI, potentially speeding up startup time. Use External Model: Uses a model from your device storage directly, removing the need to copy large files into ChatterUI but with a slight delay in load times. After that, you can load the model and begin chatting! Note: For devices with Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 and above or Exynos 2200+, it is recommended to use the Q4_0 quantization for optimized performance. Remote Mode: Remote Mode allows you to connect to a few common APIs from both commercial and open source projects. Open Source Backends: koboldcpp text-generation-webui Ollama Dedicated API: OpenAI Claude (with ability to use a proxy) Cohere Open Router Mancer AI Horde Generic backends: Generic Text Completions Generic Chat Completions These should be compliant with any Text Completion/Chat Completion backends such as Groq or Infermatic. Custom APIs: Is your API provider missing? ChatterUI allows you to define APIs using its template system. Read more about it here!
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Kazani 7 months ago
Maid - Mobile Artificial Intelligence Distribution Maid is a cross-platform free and an open-source application for interfacing with llama.cpp models locally, and remotely with Ollama, Mistral, Google Gemini and OpenAI models remotely. -Choose from A wide range of models that runs LOCALLY and access remote models via api key! -Text based output -Image Generation (Selected Models only) -No video or short clips generation yet -Voice generation on selected models (Not tested) -Setting model parameters -Setting system prompt (Making the model behave/generate output in a certain way). -And more. Get it on Github - Fdroid - Spystore - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.danemadsen.maid *Don't clear CACHE OF THE APP AND EXCLUDE IT FROM SYSTEM'S AUTO CACHE CLEANING as app stores everything in device cache*
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Kazani 7 months ago
WiFi signals can measure heart rate, no wearables needed The Pulse-F system enables highly accurate, clinical-level heart rate monitoring using ultra-low-cost WiFi devices, making it useful for low-resource settings.The system works with the person in various positions and from up to 10 feet away, demonstrating its versatility and robustness.Heart rate is a crucial health indicator, providing insights into physical activity, stress, anxiety, hydration levels, and more.Traditional heart rate measurement requires wearables, but the Pulse-F system offers a non-intrusive alternative using household WiFi devices.The technology was developed by engineers at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and demonstrated using low-cost WiFi devices like ESP32 chips ($5-$10) and Raspberry Pi chips ($30).The system combines WiFi devices with a machine learning algorithm to distinguish even the faintest signal variations caused by a human heartbeat.Experiments with 118 participants showed that after only five seconds of signal processing, heart rate could be measured with clinical-level accuracy.The Pulse-F system performed accurately regardless of the equipment's position in the room or the participant's posture, including sitting, standing, lying down, or walking.The researchers created their own dataset to train the machine learning algorithm, as no existing data for these patterns using an ESP32 device was available.Future research aims to extend the technology to detect breathing rate in addition to heart rate, which can be useful for detecting conditions like sleep apnea. https://news.ucsc.edu/2025/09/pulse-fi-wifi-heart-rate/
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Kazani 7 months ago
How to cleanse the body after vaccination.
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Kazani 7 months ago
Bootloader unlock wall of shame Updated guide, check it before buying a phone Over the past few years, a suspicious number of companies have started to "take care of your data", aka block/strictly limit your ability to unlock the bootloader on your own devices. While this may not affect you directly, it sets a bad precedent. You never know what will get the axe next: Shizuku? ADB? Sideloading? I thought it might be a good idea to keep track of bad companies and workarounds.
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Kazani 7 months ago
All users who have Shizuku Detections or will install Shizuku in future! Use Shizuku from GitHub and not from Playstore! ⚠️ People who have already installed: 1. Goto /data/local/tmp 2. Delete shizuku folder and shizuku_starter file. 3. Uninstall Shizuku. 4. Install from GitHub and grant root permission and provide shizuku perms for apps from Shizuku. Install latest from here:
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Kazani 8 months ago
📨 Thunderbird will have its own email Yes, the popular email client has expansion plans and not a few, several things have been confirmed to be coming ThunderMail: Email service confirmed to have German infrastructure. It will also have custom domains: @thundermail.com and @tb.pro ThunderBird Appointment: Scheduling tool that will be integrated to insert appointment links directly into email, to support different meeting formats. Thunderbird Send: File storage and transfer service, encrypted and up to 500GB of storage. All this would be part of its "Thunderbird Pro" package and it is confirmed that its services are open source and self-hostable. The services are optional and do not affect the free functions of its Thunderbird client.
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Kazani 8 months ago
🧊 Hidden Firefox AI process consuming CPU resources? Firefox browser users have encountered serious performance issues after the release of version 141. Initially, suspicion fell on the new "Smart Tab Grouping" feature using AI, but an official Mozilla investigation (Bug 1982278) showed that the abnormally high CPU load is caused by another component, namely the hidden pilot experiment "Semantic Search in History" (places.semanticHistory). The "Smart Tab Grouping" has nothing to do with this. Everything was fine just yesterday. Today I opened Firefox, and as a result, there were sharp spikes in CPU load and power consumption. My fans shouldn't be this loud if I don't have more than 15 tabs open. After unsuccessfully restarting Firefox, I opened the task manager and found that a process called "Inference" fluctuates from 0.05% to 130% CPU usage, which explains the spikes in CPU load and power consumption. Killing the process solves the fluctuation problem but causes Firefox to crash, requiring a restart. What is going on? This problem never existed until today. — users complain on Reddit. 😱 Official Mozilla representatives have acknowledged the issue. The fix will be included in Firefox 143 (ctodea writes Target Milestone: → 143 Branch). 💡For full control and disabling of all local AI services, advanced users should experiment with some settings: In about:config the parameter browser.ml.enable is set to false. *The browser.ml.enable parameter is the main, kind of master key to all under-the-hood machine learning in Firefox. Setting this value to false completely deactivates the local AI engine (Inference process), making it impossible for any dependent features to work, including smart tab groups and the chatbot. In about:config the parameter browser.tabs.groups.smart.enabled is set to false. *Disables only the smart tab grouping feature. This step is not a guaranteed solution to the CPU overload problem, as the main source of the error lies in another component. Meanwhile, the AI engine itself (Inference process) remains active for other potential tasks. In about:config the parameter browser.ml.chat.enabled is set to false. *The browser.ml.chat.enabled parameter is a direct system switch that controls the activation and visibility of the AI chat integrated into Firefox. Source: Telegram | Russian OSINT image
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Kazani 8 months ago
Many people have heard of onion routing in Tor and have a rough idea of how it works. However, fewer people know about garlic routing. That's why I decided to write a short note about what it is and how it works in I2P🚥 How is a message sent? ✉️ In I2P, your message travels through a tunnel—a chain of randomly picked computers (nodes) on the network. Each node only knows where to send the data next, not the message content, thanks to garlic encryption🧄. Your message is first encrypted for the recipient using end-to-end encryption. Asymmetric encryption🔐 uses a public key to encrypt and a private key to decrypt. How are encryption layers created?🔒 Now the process of wrapping the message in layers begins. Imagine that you have a tunnel with three nodes: A, B, C. The encrypted message (already protected for the recipient) must be passed through these nodes so that each one knows only the next step. To do this, I2P creates encryption layers one for each node. Each layer is additional encryption with instructions for a specific node, such as “forward to node B” or “send to recipient.” It works like this: you encrypt the message with the public key of node C, adding the instruction “forward to node B.” You encrypt this packet again with the public key of node B with the instruction “forward to node A.” Then the entire packet is encrypted with the public key of node A with the instruction “send to recipient.” When you send the packet, it goes to node A. Node A opens its layer with its secret key, sees the instruction “forward to node B” and forwards the data. The data remains encrypted for other nodes. Node B opens its layer, sees the instruction “forward to node C” and forwards it. Node C opens the last layer, sees that it needs to be sent to the recipient, and does so. Each node only knows its own step and does not see the content of the message, its sender, or its recipient. Why is encryption called garlic?🧄 Now, let's talk about “garlic” encryption in detail. In I2P, your message is packed with others into one encrypted packet🗂, called garlic. This packet may include your message, others’ messages, and network data like tunnel commands⚙️ All these messages are encrypted together, and each layer of encryption (for nodes A, B, C) covers the entire large packet, not each message individually. When node A opens its layer, it sees the instruction for the entire packet, such as “forward to node B,” and sends it on. It does not know how many messages are inside, whose they are, or where they are going. Node B does the same, opening its layer and forwarding the packet to node C. Node C, opening the last layer, can send the entire packet or parts of it (depending on the instruction) to the recipients, but it does not know how many messages are inside and to whom they are addressed. This makes it impossible to determine whose message is where, even when observing the network. Each message in the packet is protected by individual encryption for its recipient🔑 so that no one but the intended person can open it. The messages inside the packet are not explicitly separated they are sort of stuck together into one continuous encrypted piece of data. I2P can also add “garbage” data🗑 fake messages that masquerade as real ones but mean nothing. In addition, I2P mixes♻️ your packet with other data on the network and can add random delays during transmission. This makes it difficult to analyze traffic. Tunnels change every 10 minutes, and the nodes in them are selected again, so it is impossible to track the path. How does garlic encryption differ onion encryption?🧅 In onion encryption, each message is encrypted separately and transmitted through its own chain of nodes. Garlic encryption not only wraps your message in layers of encryption, but also combines it with other messages and fake data into a single encrypted packet.