Butyrate is a mitochondrial nutrient. But its never mentioned alongside CoQ10, PQQ, B vitamins, etc.
1) Direct fuel source
Colonocytes preferentially use it as their main energy substrate. Butyrate enters mitochondria and undergoes β-oxidation → acetyl-CoA → TCA cycle → ATP. Brr.. Very nice.
2) Epigenetic regulation
Butyrate inhibits histone deacetylases or HDACs. Learnt this from mr Greg. This changes gene expression in ways that upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis (via PGC-1α, NRF1/2) and antioxidant defenses.
3. Redox balance
Butyrate metabolism increases NADH and FADH2 supply to the ETC.
4. Anti-inflammatory signaling
Really interested in this one regards to CDR. By dampening NF-KB and upregulating Nrf2 pathways, it reduces chronic inflammation and returns mitochondrial prioritisation to energy production.
5. Mitochondrial quality control
Butyrate might also promote mitophagy and fusion/fission dynamics so that lowers heteroplasmy.